Midrasz do Diwrej ha-jamim II 35:32

(Deut. 3:23:) “I besought the Lord.” This text is related (to Job 9:22), “It is all one; therefore, I say, ‘He destroys the innocent and the wicked.’” Moses said, “Master of the world, everything is equal before you. There is one determination for the righteous and for the wicked.” Similarly also Solomon says (in Eccl. 9:2), “Since everything [happens] to everyone, the same lot [falls] to the righteous and to the wicked, [to the good, to the clean and to the unclean, to the one who sacrifices and to the one who does not sacrifice; as it is with the good, so it is with the sinner; the one who takes an oath is like one who fears an oath].” (Eccl. 9:2:) “To the righteous” refers to Noah.¹Lev. R. 20:1; Eccl. R. 9:2:1; PRK 26:1; cf. Tanh., Lev. 6:1; above, Lev. 6:1. R. Phinehas [said] in the name of R. Johanan, [who spoke] in the name of R. Eliezer the son of R. Jose the Galilean, “When Noah came out of the ark, the lion bit him and maimed him so that he became unfit to offer sacrifice; so his son Shem offered sacrifice in his place.” (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) “And to the wicked” refers to Pharaoh Necho. When he wanted to sit on Solomon's throne [and] did not know its mechanism,²Gk.: manganon. a lion which was on the throne³I Kings 10:19-20 = II Chron. 9:18-19. bit him and maimed him. The former died with a limp, and the latter died with a limp. (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) “To the good” refers to Moses, as stated (in Exod. 2:2), “And when she saw that he was good,” in that he was born circumcised.⁴Sot. 12a; Exod. R. 1:20. (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) “To the clean” refers to Aaron, who would cleanse the sins of Israel. (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) “And to the unclean,” refers to the spies. The one group (i.e., the spies) uttered slander against the land of Israel, while the other (i.e., Moses and Aaron) uttered praise for the land of Israel; [still] the former did not enter [the land], nor did the latter enter it. (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) “To the one who sacrifices” refers to Josiah, as stated (in II Chron. 35:7), “Then Josiah donated to the lay people a flock of lambs and kids, all for Passover sacrifices.” (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) “And to the one who does not sacrifice” refers to Ahab, who abolished the sacrifices from upon the altar, since this is what is written (in II Chron. 18:2), “where Ahab slaughtered sheep and cattle for him (i.e., for Jehoshaphat).” “For him” he slaughtered, but for sacrifices he did not slaughter. [Nevertheless] the former died by arrows, as written (in II Chron. 35:23), “Then the archers shot King Josiah,”⁵Cf. yQid. 1:7 (61a); Ta‘an 23b; MQ 28b; Sanh. 48b. and the latter died by arrows, as written (in I Kings 22:34 = II Chron. 18:33), “But a certain man drew his bow at random and struck the king of Israel….” (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) “As it is for the good refers to David, of whom it is stated (in I Sam. 16:12), “And they sent and they brought him, and he was ruddy with beautiful eyes and a good appearance.” (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) “So it is with the sinner” refers to Nebuchadnezzar, of whom it is written (in Dan. 4:24), “atone for your sinning through righteousness.” The former built the Temple and reigned forty years. The latter destroyed the Temple and reigned forty years. (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) “The one who takes an oath (without keeping it)” refers to Zedekiah, of whom it is written (in II Chron. 36:13), “And he also rebelled against Nebuchadnezzar who had made him take an oath by God.” What was his rebellion?⁶Ned. 65a. Zedekiah discovered Nebuchadnezzar as he was eating a live rabbit. Nebuchadnezzar said to Zedekiah, “Swear to me that you will not reveal it.” He swore to him. In the end he was inwardly sorry, and he had his oath absolved. When the other kings heard [what Nebuchadnezzar did], they disparaged him. [Moreover] they were saying against him, “Be aware of who is ruling the earth, one who eats live rabbit!” When Nebuchadnezzar heard [what they were saying], he sent to have the Sanhedrin⁷Gk.: Synedrion. and Zedekiah come to him. He said to them, “Have you seen what Zedekiah has done to me; did he not swear to me?” [Zedekiah] said to him, “I had my oath absolved.” He (Nebuchadnezzar) said to the Sanhedrin, “Can an oath be absolved?” They said to him, “One absolves [an oath, if there is] danger to one's life.” He said to them, “When?” They said to him, “On the same day.” He said to them, “In the presence of him [to whom the oath was sworn] or not in his presence?” They said to him, “In his presence.” He said to them, “And what was the reason you did not say [so] to Zedekiah?” Immediately (in the words of Lam. 2:10), “The elders of the Daughters of Zion sit on the ground in silence.” R. Isaac said, “[This teaches that] they removed the pillows and cushions from beneath them.” (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) “Like one who fears an oath.” This refers to Samson, [as stated (in Jud. 15:12),] “then Samson said to them, ‘Swear to me that you yourselves will not attack me.’” From here [we know] that he feared an oath. [The former died with his eyes gouged out, and the latter died with his eyes gouged out.] The former died with his eyes gouged out according to what is stated (in II Kings 25:7 = Jer. 39:7 = Jer. 52:11), “then he put out Zedekiah's eyes.” This was one of seven who were like the first Adam [in one feature.⁸Cf. Sot. 10a. In the case of] Zedekiah [it was] because of his eyes. So they thrust iron lances⁹Gk.: logchai. into his eyes, but his eyes were not put out until they slaughtered his children before his eyes, and then they put out his eyes. It is so stated (II Kings 25:7), “And they slaughtered the children of Zedekiah before his eyes and then he put out Zedekiah's eyes.” Samson also [died with his eyes gouged out, as stated (in Jud. 16:21), “] “So the Philistines seized him and gouged out his eyes.” Another interpretation (of Eccl. 9:2), “Since everything [happens] to everyone.” Moses said in front of the Holy One, blessed be He, “Master of the world, everything is the same for You; You destroy (according to Job 9:22) ‘the innocent and the wicked.’ The spies provoked You with anger by slandering the land, as stated (in Numbers 13:32), ‘And they put out slander against the land,’ while I have served your children forty years in the wilderness. [Yet] the same lot is [in store] for me as for them.” A parable: To what is the matter comparable? To a king who wanted to take a wife. He sent emissaries¹⁰Shulahin. The word represents the Hebrew concept behind the Greek and Latin words translated “apostles” and denotes people having the ancient equivalent of a power of attorney. to see whether she was beautiful or not. They went to see her. [Then] they came [back] and said to him, “We have seen her and there is no one more desolate and ugly than she.” When her sponsor heard, he said, “My Lord, there is no one in the world more beautiful than she.” He came to marry her. The father of the young woman said to the king's emissaries, “I swear by the life of the king that not one of you shall come to [the wedding feast], seeing that you humiliated her before the king.” When the sponsor came to enter, he said to him, “You also may not come in.” The sponsor said to him, “I did not see her and [yet] I told the king that there was no one more beautiful than she, while those said, ‘There is no one more ugly than she.’ And now allow me [to enter] and I shall see whether [she is] like my report or like their report.” Similarly Moses said to the Holy One, blessed be He, “My master, the spies uttered slander, [in describing the land (in Numb. 13:32) as] ‘a land that eats up its inhabitants.’ I, however, have not seen it, but I have praised it before Your children (in Deut. 8:7), ‘For the Lord your God is bringing you unto a good land.’ And now I shall see whether [it is] like my report or like their report.” Thus it is stated (in Deut. 3:25), “Please let me cross over and see the good land […].” He said to him (in Deut. 3:27), “For you shall not cross over [this Jordan].” Moshe said to him, “If so, everything is the same for You. You destroy (in accordance with Job 9:22) ‘the innocent and the wicked.’”

“Everything is as it is for everyone; there is one fate for the righteous and for the wicked, for the good, for the pure and for the impure, for one who sacrifices and for one who does not sacrifice; like the good, so is the sinner; one who takes an oath is like one who is apprehensive of an oath” (Ecclesiastes 9:2).
Rabbi Shimon bar Abba began: “Everything is as it is for everyone; there is one fate for the righteous” – this is Noah, as it is stated: “Noah was a righteous man, he was faultless” (Genesis 6:9). They said that when he emerged from the ark, a lion bit him and injured him, and he was limping. “And for the wicked” – this is Pharaoh. They said that when Pharaoh came to sit on Solomon’s throne, that he took as payment for his daughter’s marriage contract,¹Solomon had married the daughter of Pharaoh (I Kings 3:1). he did not know its mechanism, and a lion bit him and injured him, and he was limping. This one died with a limp, and that one died with a limp; that is: “There is one fate for the righteous and for the wicked.”
“For the good” – this is Moses, as it is stated: “She saw him, that he was good” (Exodus 2:2). Rabbi Meir said: “Good” – that he was circumcised. “And for the pure” – this is Aaron, who was engaged in the purification of Israel. “And for the impure” – these are the scouts who spoke slander about the Land and did not enter the Land. These²Moses and Aaron spoke of the goodness and praise of the Land of Israel, and did not enter it.³Thus, “there is one fate for the righteous and for the wicked.”
“For one who sacrifices” – this is Josiah, as it is written: “Josiah donated to the members of the people…[for the paschal offering]” (II Chronicles 35:7). “And for one who does not sacrifice” – this is Ahab, who abolished offerings from upon the altar.⁴He prevented his subjects from taking offerings to sacrifice in Jerusalem. This one died with arrows, and that one died with arrows.
“Like the good” – this is David, in whose regard it is written: “And of good appearance” (I Samuel 16:12). Rabbi Yitzḥak said: Of good appearance in halakha, as anyone who would see him would remember his learning. “So is the sinner” – this is Nebuchadnezzar, as it is written: “Redeem your sins with charity” (Daniel 4:24). This one built the Temple⁵David laid the foundations of the Temple (see Tanḥuma, Aḥarei 1; Etz Yosef). and ruled for forty years, that one destroyed it and ruled for forty years; that is: “One fate.”
“One who takes an oath” – this is Zedekiah, as it is written: “[He also rebelled against King Nebuchadnezzar,] who had administered an oath to him [by God]” (II Chronicles 36:13). On what [object] did he administer the oath? Rabbi Yosei said: He administered the oath to him on the covenant.⁶The covenant of circumcision. Rabbi said: He administered the oath to him on the altar. “Is like one who is apprehensive of an oath” – this is Samson, as it is stated: “Take an oath to me” (Judges 15:12).⁷The men of Judah sought to bind Samson and deliver him to his enemies, the Philistines. Samson was not afraid of being handed to the Philistines, but sought an oath from the men of Judah that they themselves would not harm him. From the fact that he relied on their oath, it may be derived that Samson viewed taking an oath with the utmost seriousness (Yefei To’ar). This one died with his eyes gouged out, and that one died with his eyes gouged out.
Another matter, “for the righteous” – these are Aaron’s sons. “And for the wicked” – this is the congregation of Koraḥ. These entered to sacrifice in dispute and emerged burned, and the sons of Aaron, who did not enter in dispute, [also] emerged burned; that is what is written: “After the death of the two sons of Aaron…” (Leviticus 16:1).

(Deut. 3:23:) I BESOUGHT THE LORD…. This text is related (to Job 9:22): IT IS ALL ONE; THEREFORE, I SAY: HE DESTROYS THE INNOCENT AND THE WICKED. Moses said: Sovereign of the World, everything is equal before you.¹Tanh., Deut. 2:1. There is one determination for the righteous and for the wicked. Similarly also Solomon says (in Eccl. 9:2): SINCE EVERYTHING <HAPPENS> TO EVERYONE, THE SAME LOT <FALLS> TO THE RIGHTEOUS AND TO THE WICKED, TO THE GOOD, TO THE CLEAN AND TO THE UNCLEAN, TO THE ONE WHO SACRIFICES AND TO THE ONE WHO DOES NOT SACRIFICE. AS IT IS WITH THE GOOD, SO IT IS THE SINNER; THE ONE WHO TAKES AN OATH IS LIKE ONE WHO FEARS AN OATH. (Eccl. 9:2:) TO THE RIGHTEOUS refers to Noah.²Lev. R. 20:1; Eccl. R. 9:2:1; PRK 26:1; cf. Tanh., Lev. 6:1; above, Lev. 6:1. R. Pinhas <said> in the name of R. Johanan, <who spoke> in the name of R. Eleazar the son of R. Jose the Galilean: When Noah came out of the ark, the lion bit him and maimed him so that he became unfit to offer sacrifice; so his son Shem offered sacrifice in his place.³Contrary to Gen. 8:20. (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) AND TO THE WICKED refers to Pharaoh Necho. When he wanted to sit on Solomon's throne <and> did not know its mechanism,⁴Gk.: manganon. a lion which was on the throne⁵I Kings 10:19-20 = II Chron. 9:18-19. bit him and maimed him. The former died with a limp, and the latter died with a limp. (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) TO THE GOOD refers to Moses, as stated (in Exod. 2:2): AND WHEN SHE SAW THAT HE WAS GOOD, in that he was born circumcised.⁶Sot. 12a; Exod. R. 1:20. (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) TO THE CLEAN refers to Aaron, who would cleanse the sins of Israel. (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) AND TO THE UNCLEAN refers to the spies. The one group (i.e., the spies) uttered slander against the land of Israel, while the other (i.e., Moses and Aaron) uttered praise for the land of Israel; <still> the former did not enter <the land>, nor did the latter enter it. (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) TO THE ONE WHO SACRIFICES refers to Josiah, as stated (in II Chron. 35:7): THEN JOSIAH DONATED TO THE LAY PEOPLE A FLOCK OF LAMBS <AND KIDS, ALL FOR PASSOVER SACRIFICES>. (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) AND TO THE ONE WHO DOES NOT SACRIFICE refers to Ahab, who abolished the sacrifices from upon the altar, since this is what is written (in II Chron. 18:2): WHERE AHAB SLAUGHTERED SHEEP AND CATTLE FOR HIM <IN ABUNDANCE>, (ibid.:) FOR HIM (i.e., for Jehoshaphat) as a feast and not for sacrificial offerings. <Nevertheless> the former died by arrows, as written (in II Chron. 35:23): THEN THE ARCHERS SHOT KING JOSIAH,⁷Cf. yQid. 1:7 (61a); Ta‘an 23b; MQ 28b; Sanh. 48:b. and the latter died by arrows, as written (in I Kings 22:34 = II Chron. 18:33): BUT A CERTAIN MAN DREW HIS BOW AT RANDOM <AND STRUCK THE KING OF ISRAEL>. (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) AS IT IS FOR THE GOOD refers to David, of whom it is stated (in I Sam. 16:12): WITH BEAUTIFUL EYES AND A GOOD APPEARANCE. (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) SO IT IS THE SINNER refers to Nebuchadnezzar, of whom it is written (in Dan. 4:24 [27]): ATONE FOR YOUR SINNING THROUGH RIGHTEOUSNESS. The former built the Temple and reigned forty years. The latter destroyed the Temple and reigned forty years. (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) THE ONE WHO TAKES AN OATH (without keeping it) refers to Zedekiah, of whom it is written (in II Chron. 36:13): AND HE ALSO REBELLED AGAINST NEBUCHADNEZZAR WHO HAD MADE HIM TAKE AN OATH BY GOD. What was his rebellion?⁸Ned. 65a. Zedekiah discovered Nebuchadnezzar as he was actually eating a live rabbit. Nebuchadnezzar said to Zedekiah: Swear to me that you will not reveal it. He swore to him. In the end he was inwardly sorry. He had his oath absolved and told the five kings who had allowed Nebuchadnezzar to rule over them. When the other kings heard <what he did>, they despised him. Moreover they were saying against him: Should this man be ruling the earth, when he eats live rabbit! When Nebuchadnezzar heard <what they were saying>, he sent to have the Sanhedrin⁹Gk.: Synedrion. and Zedekiah come to him. He said to them: Have you seen what Zedekiah has done to me? <Zedekiah> said to them: I had my oath absolved. He (Nebuchadnezzar) said to the Sanhedrin: Who absolved the oath? They said to him: One absolves <an oath, if there is> danger to one's life. He said to them: When? They said to him: On the same day. <He said to them:> in the presence of him <to whom the oath was sworn> or not in his presence? They said to him: In his presence. <He replied:> But what was the reason for not saying so to Zedekiah? Immediately (in the words of Lam. 2:10): THE ELDERS OF THE DAUGHTERS OF ZION SIT ON THE GROUND AND SILENCE. R. Isaac said: <This teaches that> they removed the pillows and cushions from beneath them. (Eccl. 9:2, cont.:) LIKE ONE WHO FEARS AN OATH. This refers to Samson, {since it says (in Jud. 15:12):} [THEN SAMSON SAID] TO THEM. SWEAR TO ME THAT YOU YOURSELVES WILL NOT ATTACK ME. From here <we know> that he feared an oath. The former died with his eyes gouged out, and the latter died with his eyes gouged out. [The latter died with his eyes gouged out] according to what is stated (in II Kings 25:7 = Jer. 39:7 = Jer. 52:11): THEN HE PUT OUT ZEDEKIAH'S EYES. This was one of seven who were like the first Adam <in one feature>.¹⁰Cf. Sot. 10a. <In the case of> Zedekiah <it was> because of his eyes. So for they thrust iron lances¹¹Gk.: logchai. into his eyes, but his eyes were not put out until they slaughtered his children before his eyes. It is so stated (in Jer. 39:6 = Jer. 52:10 // II Kings 25:7): AND THE KING OF BABYLON SLAUGHTERED <THE CHILDREN OF ZEDEKIAH BEFORE HIS EYES (AT RIBLAH)>. Samson also [died with his eyes gouged out, as stated (in Jud. 16:21):] SO THE PHILISTINES SEIZED HIM AND GOUGED OUT HIS EYES.

“The Lord is righteous, for I have defied His word. Hear now all you peoples, and see my pain: My young women and young men have gone into captivity” (Lamentations 1:18).
“The Lord is righteous, for I have defied His word.” Who said this verse? Yoshiyahu said it. That is what is written: “After all this, when Yoshiyahu had established the House, Nekho king of Egypt came up to wage war at Karkemish on the Euphrates,” (II Chronicles 35:20), Karkasyon on the Euphrates. “[Yoshiyahu went out toward him.] He sent emissaries to him, saying: What is there between me and you, king of Judah? It is not against you today, but against the house with which I have war, and God has said that I should make haste” (II Chronicles 35:20–21). It is by the word of the Holy One blessed be He that I am ascending. “Restrain yourself from god who is with me” (II Chronicles 35:21), this is an expression of idol worship. “Yoshiyahu did not turn his face from him…and did not heed the words of Nekho from the mouth of God” (II Chronicles 35:22), this [alludes to] Jeremiah, who said to Yoshiyahu: ‘So I received from my teacher Isaiah: “I will provoke Egypt against Egypt”’ (Isaiah 19:2). He did not heed him. Rather, he said to him: ‘Did Moses, the teacher of your teacher, not say this: “A sword will not pass in the land” (Leviticus 26:6)? And the sword of that wicked one is passing in my land and my borders.’ But he did not realize that his entire generation was idol worshippers. He would send a pair of students to eradicate idol worship from their houses, but they would enter and not find anything. When they would go out [the residents] would say: ‘Close the doors,’ and when they would close the doors they would see it.²⁰²There were double doors leading into the house. Half the idol was on one door and half on the other. The halves did not look like anything separately, but when the doors were closed, the idol was visible. They would say of them: The one who came to repair is the one who came and ruined.²⁰³Although they divided the idol when they opened the doors, they put it back together when they closed the doors. Therefore: “The archers shot King Yoshiyahu” (II Chronicles 35:23). Rabbi Manei said: They fired three hundred arrows into him until his body became like a sieve. Jeremiah was listening to him to ascertain what he was saying:²⁰⁴He was listening to what Yoshiyahu was saying as he died. What was he saying? “The Lord is righteous, for I have defied His word,” His mouth and the mouth of his agent.

“The Lord is righteous, for I have defied His word. Hear now all you peoples, and see my pain: My young women and young men have gone into captivity” (Lamentations 1:18).
“The Lord is righteous, for I have defied His word.” Who said this verse? Yoshiyahu said it. That is what is written: “After all this, when Yoshiyahu had established the House, Nekho king of Egypt came up to wage war at Karkemish on the Euphrates,” (II Chronicles 35:20), Karkasyon on the Euphrates. “[Yoshiyahu went out toward him.] He sent emissaries to him, saying: What is there between me and you, king of Judah? It is not against you today, but against the house with which I have war, and God has said that I should make haste” (II Chronicles 35:20–21). It is by the word of the Holy One blessed be He that I am ascending. “Restrain yourself from god who is with me” (II Chronicles 35:21), this is an expression of idol worship. “Yoshiyahu did not turn his face from him…and did not heed the words of Nekho from the mouth of God” (II Chronicles 35:22), this [alludes to] Jeremiah, who said to Yoshiyahu: ‘So I received from my teacher Isaiah: “I will provoke Egypt against Egypt”’ (Isaiah 19:2). He did not heed him. Rather, he said to him: ‘Did Moses, the teacher of your teacher, not say this: “A sword will not pass in the land” (Leviticus 26:6)? And the sword of that wicked one is passing in my land and my borders.’ But he did not realize that his entire generation was idol worshippers. He would send a pair of students to eradicate idol worship from their houses, but they would enter and not find anything. When they would go out [the residents] would say: ‘Close the doors,’ and when they would close the doors they would see it.²⁰²There were double doors leading into the house. Half the idol was on one door and half on the other. The halves did not look like anything separately, but when the doors were closed, the idol was visible. They would say of them: The one who came to repair is the one who came and ruined.²⁰³Although they divided the idol when they opened the doors, they put it back together when they closed the doors. Therefore: “The archers shot King Yoshiyahu” (II Chronicles 35:23). Rabbi Manei said: They fired three hundred arrows into him until his body became like a sieve. Jeremiah was listening to him to ascertain what he was saying:²⁰⁴He was listening to what Yoshiyahu was saying as he died. What was he saying? “The Lord is righteous, for I have defied His word,” His mouth and the mouth of his agent.

“The Lord is righteous, for I have defied His word. Hear now all you peoples, and see my pain: My young women and young men have gone into captivity” (Lamentations 1:18).
“The Lord is righteous, for I have defied His word.” Who said this verse? Yoshiyahu said it. That is what is written: “After all this, when Yoshiyahu had established the House, Nekho king of Egypt came up to wage war at Karkemish on the Euphrates,” (II Chronicles 35:20), Karkasyon on the Euphrates. “[Yoshiyahu went out toward him.] He sent emissaries to him, saying: What is there between me and you, king of Judah? It is not against you today, but against the house with which I have war, and God has said that I should make haste” (II Chronicles 35:20–21). It is by the word of the Holy One blessed be He that I am ascending. “Restrain yourself from god who is with me” (II Chronicles 35:21), this is an expression of idol worship. “Yoshiyahu did not turn his face from him…and did not heed the words of Nekho from the mouth of God” (II Chronicles 35:22), this [alludes to] Jeremiah, who said to Yoshiyahu: ‘So I received from my teacher Isaiah: “I will provoke Egypt against Egypt”’ (Isaiah 19:2). He did not heed him. Rather, he said to him: ‘Did Moses, the teacher of your teacher, not say this: “A sword will not pass in the land” (Leviticus 26:6)? And the sword of that wicked one is passing in my land and my borders.’ But he did not realize that his entire generation was idol worshippers. He would send a pair of students to eradicate idol worship from their houses, but they would enter and not find anything. When they would go out [the residents] would say: ‘Close the doors,’ and when they would close the doors they would see it.²⁰²There were double doors leading into the house. Half the idol was on one door and half on the other. The halves did not look like anything separately, but when the doors were closed, the idol was visible. They would say of them: The one who came to repair is the one who came and ruined.²⁰³Although they divided the idol when they opened the doors, they put it back together when they closed the doors. Therefore: “The archers shot King Yoshiyahu” (II Chronicles 35:23). Rabbi Manei said: They fired three hundred arrows into him until his body became like a sieve. Jeremiah was listening to him to ascertain what he was saying:²⁰⁴He was listening to what Yoshiyahu was saying as he died. What was he saying? “The Lord is righteous, for I have defied His word,” His mouth and the mouth of his agent.

“The Lord is righteous, for I have defied His word. Hear now all you peoples, and see my pain: My young women and young men have gone into captivity” (Lamentations 1:18).
“The Lord is righteous, for I have defied His word.” Who said this verse? Yoshiyahu said it. That is what is written: “After all this, when Yoshiyahu had established the House, Nekho king of Egypt came up to wage war at Karkemish on the Euphrates,” (II Chronicles 35:20), Karkasyon on the Euphrates. “[Yoshiyahu went out toward him.] He sent emissaries to him, saying: What is there between me and you, king of Judah? It is not against you today, but against the house with which I have war, and God has said that I should make haste” (II Chronicles 35:20–21). It is by the word of the Holy One blessed be He that I am ascending. “Restrain yourself from god who is with me” (II Chronicles 35:21), this is an expression of idol worship. “Yoshiyahu did not turn his face from him…and did not heed the words of Nekho from the mouth of God” (II Chronicles 35:22), this [alludes to] Jeremiah, who said to Yoshiyahu: ‘So I received from my teacher Isaiah: “I will provoke Egypt against Egypt”’ (Isaiah 19:2). He did not heed him. Rather, he said to him: ‘Did Moses, the teacher of your teacher, not say this: “A sword will not pass in the land” (Leviticus 26:6)? And the sword of that wicked one is passing in my land and my borders.’ But he did not realize that his entire generation was idol worshippers. He would send a pair of students to eradicate idol worship from their houses, but they would enter and not find anything. When they would go out [the residents] would say: ‘Close the doors,’ and when they would close the doors they would see it.²⁰²There were double doors leading into the house. Half the idol was on one door and half on the other. The halves did not look like anything separately, but when the doors were closed, the idol was visible. They would say of them: The one who came to repair is the one who came and ruined.²⁰³Although they divided the idol when they opened the doors, they put it back together when they closed the doors. Therefore: “The archers shot King Yoshiyahu” (II Chronicles 35:23). Rabbi Manei said: They fired three hundred arrows into him until his body became like a sieve. Jeremiah was listening to him to ascertain what he was saying:²⁰⁴He was listening to what Yoshiyahu was saying as he died. What was he saying? “The Lord is righteous, for I have defied His word,” His mouth and the mouth of his agent.

Our Rabbis were taught: Not only does the foregoing apply unto unfriendly armies, but also to peaceful ones [who have no intention of attacking the place, but merely desire to pass through to make war upon others]; for there could not have been a more friendly army than the one which was sent by Pharae N'cho, king of Egypt, to Josiah, king of Judah, and still Josiah lost his life on their account, as it is said (II Chr. 35, 21) But he (Necho, king of Egypt) sent ambassadors to him (Josiah) saying: 'What have I to do with thee, thou king of Judah? I come not against thee this day, but against the house wherewith I have war, and God hath commanded me to make haste: forbear thee from meddling with God who is with me, that He may not destroy thee.' What God could N'cho have had with him? R. Juda said, in the name of Rab: "It was an idol, and for the reason that N'cho had confidence in the idol, Josiah thought that he could surely vanquish him in battle"; And it is written further (Ib. 23) And the archers shot at king Josiah; and the king said to his servants: 'Carry me away; for I am sorely wounded.' What does sorely wounded mean? Said R. Juda, in the name of Rab: "It means that his entire body was perforated by the arrows, like a sieve." Said R. Juda, in the name of Rab: "Why was Josiah punished? Because he did not consult Jeremiah the prophet. When Josiah was dying, Jeremiah the prophet came to visit him and noticed that his lips were moving. Thinking that, God forbid, he was saying something blasphemous on account of the terrible pain he was suffering, Jeremiah bent down and heard Josiah justifying the judgment which had befallen him, reciting the passage (Lam. 1, 18) Righteous is the Lord; for against his orders have I rebelled. Thereupon Jeremiah took up the following text (Ib. 4, 20) The breath of our nostrils, the anointed of our Lord, etc."

Our Rabbis were taught: "Upon the death of R. Ishmael's children, the four senior Rabbis, R. Tarphon, R. Josi the Galilean, R. Elazar b. Azaria, and R. Akiba, entered [to comfort him]. R. Tarphon said to them, [while on their way]: "Remember that R. Ishmael is a great scholar and is familiar with Agada. None should fall in while one will speak." "And I shall be the last," remarked R. Akiba. R. Ishmael himself began the eulogy and said: "His sins were so many, he was therefore surrounded with mourning and had to trouble his teachers, time and again." R. Tarphon responded and said: "(Lev. 10, 6) But let your brethren, the whole house of Israel, bewail the fire which the Lord hath kindled. Is this not a fortiori reasoning? If concerning Nadab and Abihu, who only performed one meritorious act, as is proved from the following passage (Is. 9, 9) And the sons of Aaron presented the Rabbi, who performed so many good acts be how much more should the children of our Rabbi who performed so many good acts be treated?" R. Josi the Galilean then responded and said: "(I Kings 14, 13) And all Israel shall mourn for him, and bury him, etc. Is this not a fortiori reasoning? If upon the death of Abiya the son of Jereboam, who only committed one good act, as it is written (Ib.) Because there hath been found in him some good thing, is nevertheless treated so, how much more should the children of our [Rabbi who performed so many acts] be treated?" What is the meaning of some good thing? R. Zera and R. Chanina b. Papa both explain it. One said that he left his position [as patrolman to guard Israel they should not visit Jerusalem], and went himself to Jerusalem; the other says that he suspended the watchmen [who were placed by his father to prevent Israel from visiting Jerusalem on the festival]. R. Elazar b. Azaria responded and said: "(Jer. 34, 5) In peace shalt thou die: and as fires were made, for thy fathers, the former kings, etc. Is this not also a fortiori reasoning? If concerning Zedekiah, king of Juda, who performed only one meritorious act, namely that he took out Jeremiah from the pit of lime, nevertheless shares thus, how much more so should it be the case with the children of our Rabbi?" R. Akiba answered and said: "(Zech. 12, 2) On that day will the lamentation be great in Jerusalem, like the lamentation at Hadadrimon i the valley of Megiddon. And R. Joseph said: 'Were it not for the Targum, I would not have understood the meaning of this passage.' How does the Targum translate it? 'On that day will the lamentation in Jerusalem be as it was over Ahab ben Amri, who was killed by Hedadrimon ben Tabrimon in the city of Ramoth Gilead, as they mourned over Joshia ben Amon, who was killed by Pharaoh, the lame one, in the valley of Megiddon.' Now, is this not a fortiori? If upon the death of Ahab bar Amri, king of Israel who merely performed one good thing, as it is written (I Kings 22, 35) And the king was stayed up in his chariot against the Syrians: but he died in the evening, nevertheless shared thus, how much more so ought the children of our Rabbi be treated?" Rabba said unto Rabba b. Mari: "It is written concerning Zedekiah (Jer. 34, 5) In peace shalt thou die, and again we find a passage (Ib. 39, 7) And the eyes of Zedekiah did he blind. [Do you call this in peace?]" Rabba b. Mari replied: "This [in peace] refers that Nebuchadnezar will die in his days." Another thing asked Raba of Rabba b. Mari: "It is written concerning king Josiah (II Kings 22, 20) Therefore, behold, I will gather thee unto thy fathers, and thou shalt be gathered unto thy grave in peace. And again it is written (II Chron. 35, 23) And the archers shot at king Josiah; and R. Juda, in the name of Rab, explained this, that they made his body [perforated with arrows] like a sieve." [Do you call this a peaceful death?] Thus explained R. Jochanan. The latter replied: "This means that the Temple was not destroyed in his days."

3) "and a sword will not pass through your land": Not only will they not come against you for war, but the passers (for war) will not (even) pass from one land (Eretz Yisrael) to the other, as they did in the days of Yoshiyahu (viz. II Chronicles 35:21)

“How has gold tarnished, the fine gold changed? The sacred stones are spilled at the head of every street” (Lamentations 4:1).
“How has gold tarnished [yuam]?” Rabbi Shmuel said: How has the gold been concealed?¹The midrash interprets the verse as referring to gold that is unrecognizable because it is covered by a layer of grime. This is an analogy to Israel, which at its core remains pure and holy, even though this purity is not always evident due to the travails of exile (Rabbi David Luria). Just as it says: “No mystery can be concealed from you [amamukha]” (Ezekiel 28:3). The Rabbis say: How has gold changed? Rabbi Ḥama bar Ḥanina said: How did the gold dim [ama]? That is what is written: “How does gold tarnish [yuam]?” As Rabbi Ḥiyya taught: “Coals” (Leviticus 16:12), could they be dim [omemot]? The verse states: “Fire” (Leviticus 16:12).²The verse states, regarding the service of the High Priest on Yom Kippur: “He shall take a fire-pan full of coals of fire” (Leviticus 16:12). If fire, is it, perhaps, a flame? The verse states: “Coals.” How so? He brings from these smoldering ones.
“The sacred stones are spilled.” When the Torah scholars would go out to earn their living, they would read in their regard: “The sacred stones are spilled.”³Torah scholars had to abandon their studies in order to earn a livelihood or to collect charity (see Matnot Kehuna; Maharzu). Other scholars would apply this verse to them.
Another matter, it is referring to [the death of] Josiah: “How has gold tarnished,” because he was like a golden ornament. “The fine gold changed,” as his body was like a gem and diamonds. “The sacred stones are spilled,” these are two quarter log of blood that Jeremiah was taking and burying. That is what is written: “He was buried in the tombs of his ancestors” (II Chronicles 35:24). In how many tombs was he buried that you say “in the tombs of his ancestors”? Rather, these are the two quarter log of blood Jeremiah was taking and burying.⁴The midrash asserts that Jeremiah buried Josiah’s blood in multiple locations. Josiah’s blood spilled when his body was pierced repeatedly by enemy arrows, and therefore the midrash finds allusion to Josiah in the phrase “the sacred stones are spilled.”
Another matter, it is referring to the people of Jerusalem, who were like a golden ornament and their bodies like gems and diamonds. If a person will say to you: ‘The verse is not referring to the people of Jerusalem, say to him: It is already written: <“The [precious] sons of Zion” (Lamentations 4:2)>.

GEMARA: Of which Temple is it spoken? Shall we assume of the first Temple? then there was only a partition [before the ark, and not a curtain]. And if we assume it refers to the second Temple then, again, there was no ark in it. For we were taught: When the Holy Ark was removed, there disappeared with it, the bottle of manna; the bottle of anointing oil; Aaron's staff with its decorations of almonds and buds, and the box the Philistines had sent as a gift to the God of Israel together with the golden vessels; as it is said (I Sam. 6, 8) And take the ark of the Lord, and place it into the wagon; and the articles of gold, which ye return him as a trespass-offering, ye must put in a casket alongside of it, etc. And who removed them? Joshia, king of Juda. What was his reason for doing it? He found a passage (Deut. 28, 36) The Lord will drive thee and thy king whom thou wilt set over thee: so he went and removed it, as it is said (II Chron. 35, 3) And he said unto the Levites that instructed all Israel, who were holy men unto the Lord: Set the holy ark in the house which Solomon, the son of David, the King of Israel, built; ye have not to carry it any more upon your shoulders. Now serve the Lord your God, and His people Israel. And R. Eliezer said: "We infer by rule of analogy of the three similar words Shama (there), Doroth (generations) and Mishmereth (preservations) [to prove that the ark was hidden then." Hence there was no ark in the second Temple]. Surely it [the Mishnah] refers to the second Temple. What is meant by "until he reached the Holy Ark," i.e., the place where the Ark stood during the first Temple. But it is stated that he placed the censor between the two staves. Read it. where there should have been the two staves.'

(Numb. 35:11:) WHERE A KILLER MAY FLEE WHO HAS TAKEN A LIFE BY MISTAKE, and not on purpose. If someone goes and kills on purpose, then says: It was by mistake that I killed, and flees to <one of the> cities of refuge, the Holy One says: Even if he comes in and flees to my altar, kill him, according to what is stated (in Exod. 21:14): BUT WHEN SOMEONE PLOTS AGAINST <HIS COMPANION AND KILLS HIM TREACHEROUSLY>, YOU SHALL TAKE HIM AWAY <EVEN> FROM MY ALTAR <FOR EXECUTION>. Who was this person who fled to the altar and was killed? This was Joab, of whom it is stated (in I Kings 2:28): WHEN THE NEWS CAME TO JOAB,…. <JOAB FLED UNTO THE TENT OF THE LORD> AND SEIZED THE HORNS OF THE ALTAR. You find that Joab was a great sage and the head of the Sanhedrin,³³Gk.: Synehedrion. as stated (in II Sam. 23:8): ONE WHO SITS IN THE SEAT OF WISDOM.³⁴These words are commonly understood as the proper name, JOSHEB-BASSHEBETH, A TAHCHEMONITE, but this and other citations of the verse in rabbinic literature tend to understand the verse as translated here. See above, Tanh. (Buber), Gen. 4:12, and the note there; also below, Tanh. (Buber), Deut. 1:3. Cf. MQ 26b, for an interpretation that identifies this sage with David himself. But did he not know what is written in the Torah (in Exod. 21:14): <BUT WHEN SOMEONE PLOTS AGAINST HIS COMPANION AND KILLS HIM TREACHEROUSLY>, YOU SHALL TAKE HIM AWAY <EVEN> FROM MY ALTAR FOR EXECUTION, [when he went and seized the horns of the altar]?³⁵yMakk. 2:7 [6] (31d); Sanh. 48b; see Makk. 12b. It is simply that [Joab] had said: Those killed by a court of law are not buried in the graves of their ancestors but by themselves. It is better to die here, so that I may be buried with my ancestors. (I Kings 2:30–31:) THEN BENAIAH BROUGHT BACK WORD UNTO THE KING, SAYING: THUS HAS JOAB SPOKEN AND THUS DID HE ANSWER ME. SO THE KING SAID TO HIM: DO AS HE HAS SPOKEN, STRIKE HIM DOWN AND BURY HIM. Why was he killed? Because his (Solomon's) father, David, had ordered him <to do> so (in I Kings 2:5–6): MOREOVER, YOU ALSO KNOW WHAT JOAB BEN ZERUIAH DID TO ME…. <SO ACT IN ACCORDANCE WITH YOUR WISDOM, AND DO NOT LET HIS GRAY HAIR GO DOWN TO SHEOL IN PEACE.> What did he do to him? You find that, when David wrote to Joab (in II Sam. 11:15): SET URIAH IN THE FRONT LINE WHERE THE FIGHTING IS THE FIERCEST, he did so, and he was killed. All the army leaders assembled against Joab, as stated of him (in II Sam. 23:39): URIAH THE HITTITE, <was one of> ALL <those> {THIRTY-SIX} [THIRTY-SEVEN} <leaders>. He showed them the document. It is therefore stated (in I Kings 2:5): [YOU KNOW] WHAT [JOAB BEN ZERUIAH] DID TO ME AND WHAT HE DID TO THE TWO COMMANDERS OF ISRAEL's FORCES, TO ABNER BEN NER <AND TO AMASA BEN JETHER> [….] They had been of the opinion that David had ordered him to kill him because Abner was Saul's cousin, and for that reason David arose and cursed Joab, when he said (in II Sam. 3:29): MAY THE HOUSE OF JOAB NEVER LACK <ONE WITH A DISCHARGE, A LEPER, ONE WHO GRASPS THE CRUTCH,³⁶Modern translations commonly understand these words to mean, A MALE WHO HANDLES THE SPINDLE, but the midrash understands them in the sense given here. ONE WHO FALLS BY THE SWORD, AND ONE LACKING BREAD>. Then all Israel was appeased,³⁷Rt.: PYS. Cf. Gk.: peisai (“to have persuaded”). when they knew that there was no <authorization> from David. So David ordered his son, Solomon, to kill him, because Joab was the son of David's sister, and he wanted him to approach the world to come.³⁸If he received punishment is this world, his deed would no longer bar him from doing so. When Solomon desired to kill him, Joab said to Benaiah: Go and tell Solomon: Do not sentence me with two judgments. If you are killing me, take off from me the curses with which your father, David, cursed me; and if not, leave me with his curses. Immediately (in I Kings 2:31): SO [THE KING] SAID TO HIM: DO AS HE HAS SPOKEN. [STRIKE HIM DOWN AND BURY HIM.] R. Judah has said: All curses with which David cursed Joab were all fulfilled in David's seed. [(II Sam. 3:29:) MAY THE HOUSE OF JOAB NEVER LACK ONE WITH A DISCHARGE, A LEPER, ONE WHO GRASPS THE CRUTCH, ONE WHO FALLS BY THE SWORD, AND ONE LACKING BREAD.]³⁹yQid. 1:7 (61a); cf. above, Gen. 7:7; ‘Arakh. 16a. ONE WITH A DISCHARGE <was fulfilled in> Rehoboam ben Solomon (according to I Kings 12:18 = II Chron. 10:18): THEN KING REHOBOAM SUCCEEDED IN MOUNTING HIS CHARIOT (merkavah) <AND FLED TO JERUSALEM>. It also says concerning ONE WITH A DISCHARGE (in Lev. 15:9): AND ANY SADDLE (merkav) ON WHICH THE ONE WITH A DISCHARGE RIDES <SHALL BE UNCLEAN>. (II Sam 3:29, cont.:) A LEPER <was fulfilled in> Uzziah, of whom it is stated (in II Kings 15:5): AND HE WAS A LEPER UNTIL THE DAY OF HIS DEATH. (II Sam 3:29, cont.:) ONE WHO GRASPS THE CRUTCH <was fulfilled in> Asa, of whom it is written (in I Kings 15:23): HOWEVER IN HIS OLD AGE HE BECAME DISEASED IN HIS FEET, where gout⁴⁰Gk.: podagra; Lat.: podagra. had seized him. (II Sam 3:29, cont.:) ONE WHO FALLS BY THE SWORD <was fulfilled in> Josiah, of whom it is written (in II Chron. 35:23): THEN THE ARCHERS SHOT KING JOSIAH. Moreover, Rav Judah has said: Rav said: they thrust three hundred iron lances⁴¹Gk.: longchai. into him, until they had perforated him like a sieve. (II Sam 3:29, cont.:) AND ONE LACKING BREAD <was fulfilled in> Jehoiachin, of whom it is stated (in II Kings 25:30 = Jer. 52:34): AND FOR HIS FOOD ALLOWANCE A REGULAR FOOD ALLOWANCE WAS GIVEN TO HIM FROM THE KING, from the table of Evil-merodach. You also find that as long as Jehoiada lived, Joash did the will of his creator, as stated (in II Kings 12:3 [2] // II Chron. 24:2): AND JEHOASH DID WHAT WAS RIGHT IN THE EYES OF THE LORD ALL HIS DAYS AS THE PRIEST JEHOIADA INSTRUCTED HIM. (II Chron. 24:17:) NOW AFTER THE DEATH OF JEHOIADA, THE PRINCES OF JUDAH CAME {UNTO HIM} AND BOWED LOW TO THE KING. THEN THE KING HEARKENED UNTO THEM, in that he took it upon himself to make an idol. Therefore (According to vs. 24): <THE ARMY OF ARAM CAME WITH A FEW MEN….> SO THEY INFLICTED JUDGMENTS ON JOASH. Now for what was Abner punished. It was because he had made the blood of the young men an amusement (rt.: SHQ), as stated (in II Sam. 2:14): THEN ABNER SAID UNTO JOAB: PLEASE LET THE YOUNG MEN ARISE AND PLAY (rt.: SHQ) BEFORE US. SO JOAB SAID: LET THEM ARISE.⁴²The result of their “playing” was that they all killed each other. See above, Gen. 6:5; Exod. 1:24; Numb. 6:8. There are also those who say it was because he put his name before the name of David, as stated (in II Sam. 3:12): THEN ABNER SENT MESSENGERS UNTO DAVID WHERE HE WAS, SAYING: TO WHOM DOES THE LAND BELONG? But the sages say: It was because he did not [wait] for Saul to be reconciled with David. Moreover, he had the power to protest <the massacre> at Nob, the city of priests, and did not protest.

"uvashel": "bashel" (here refers to flesh that was) roasted (before, the understanding being that it is forbidden to cook it even if it had been roasted previously), as in (Devarim 16:7) "And you shall cook (i.e., roast) it and you shall eat it," and (II Chronicles 35:13) "And they cooked (i.e., roasted) the Pesach in fire as prescribed; and the holy (offerings) they cooked in pots, cauldrons, and pans, and they dispatched them to all the people." From here R.Yoshiyah said: If one takes a vow not to eat "mevushal," roasted (flesh) is (also) forbidden to him. "but roasted in fire": What is the intent of this? I might say: What is (more) fit for roasting should be roasted. It is, therefore, written "but (i.e., exclusively) roasted in fire,"

(Numb. 35:11:) “Where a killer may flee who has taken a life by mistake.” “By mistake,” and not on purpose. If someone goes and kills on purpose, then says, “It was by mistake that I killed,” and flees to [one of the] cities of refuge, the Holy One, blessed be He, says, “Even if he comes in and flees to My altar, kill him, according to what is stated (in Exod. 21:14), ‘[But when someone plots against his companion and kills him treacherously], you shall take him away [even] from My altar [for execution].’” Who was this person who fled to the altar and was killed? This was Joab, of whom it is stated (in I Kings 2:28), “When the news came to Joab,… [Joab fled unto the tent of the Lord and seized the horns of the altar].” You find that Joab was a great sage and the head of the Sanhedrin,³³Gk.: Synehedrion. as stated (in II Sam. 23:8), “one who sits in the seat of wisdom.”³⁴These words are commonly understood as the proper name, JOSHEB-BASSHEBETH, A TAHCHEMONITE, but this and other citations of the verse in rabbinic literature tend to understand the verse as translated here. See Tanh. (Buber), Gen. 4:12, and the note there; also below, Tanh. (Buber), Deut. 1:3. Cf. MQ 26b, for an interpretation that identifies this sage with David himself. [So] when he went and seized the horns of the altar, did he not know what is written in the Torah (in Exod. 21:14), “But when someone plots against his companion [and kills him treacherously, you shall take him away (even) from my altar for execution]?”³⁵yMakk. 2:7 [6] (31d); Sanh. 48b; see Makk. 12b. It is simply that [Joab] had said, “Those killed by a court of law are not buried in the graves of their ancestors but by themselves. It is better to die here, so that I may be buried with my ancestors.” (I Kings 2:30–31:) “Then Benaiah brought back word unto the king.... So the king said to him, ‘Do as he has spoken, strike him down and bury him.’” Why was he killed? Because his (Solomon's) father, David, had ordered him [to do] so (in I Kings 2:5), “Moreover, you also know what Joab ben Zeruiah did to me.” What did he do to him? You find that, when David wrote to Joab (in II Sam. 11:15), “Set Uriah in the front line [where the fighting is the fiercest]...,” he did so, and he was killed. All the army leaders assembled against Joab, as [Uriah] was the head of the warriors, as stated of him (in II Sam. 23:39), “Uriah the Hittite, [was one of all] thirty-seven [leaders].” He showed them the document. It is therefore stated (in I Kings 2:5), “What Joab ben Zeruiah] did to me.” (I Kings 2:5, cont.:) “And what he did to the two commanders of Israel's forces, to Abner ben Ner and to Amasa ben Jether, he killed them.” All of Israel had been of the opinion that David had ordered him to kill [Abner] because Abner was Saul's cousin. And for that reason David arose and cursed Joab, when he said (in II Sam. 3:29), “may the house of Joab never lack [one with a discharge, a leper, one who grasps the crutch,³⁶Modern translations commonly understand these words to mean, A MALE WHO HANDLES THE SPINDLE, but the midrash understands them in the sense given here. one who falls by the sword, and one lacking bread].” Then all Israel was appeased,³⁷Rt.: PYS. Cf. Gk.: peisai (“to have persuaded”). when they knew that there was no [authorization] from David. So David ordered his son, Solomon, to kill him, because Joab was the son of David's sister, and he sought to approach him to the world to come.³⁸If he received punishment in this world, his deed would no longer bar him from doing so. When Solomon sought to kill him, Joab said to Benaiah, “Go and tell Solomon, ‘Do not sentence me with two judgments. If you are killing me, take off from me the curses with which your father, David, cursed me; and if not, leave me with his curses.’” Immediately (in I Kings 2:31), “So the king said to him, ‘Do as he has spoken, strike him down and bury him.” R. Judah has said, “All curses with which David cursed Joab were all fulfilled in David's seed.”³⁹yQid. 1:7 (61a); cf. above, Gen. 7:7; ‘Arakh. 16a. One with a discharge [was fulfilled in] Rehoboam ben Solomon (according to I Kings 12:18 = II Chron. 10:18), “then King Rehoboam succeeded in mounting his chariot (merkavah).” It also says concerning one with a discharge (in Lev. 15:9), “And any saddle (merkav) on which the one with a discharge rides [shall be unclean].” A leper [was fulfilled in] Uzziah, of whom it is stated (in II Kings 15:5), “and he was a leper until the day of his death.” One who grasps the crutch [was fulfilled in] Asa, of whom it is written (in I Kings 15:23), “however in his old age he became diseased in his feet,” where (he became like a woman, as) gout⁴⁰Gk.: podagra; Lat.: podagra. had seized him. One who falls by the sword [was fulfilled in] Josiah, of whom it is written (in II Chron. 35:23), “Then the archers shot King Josiah.” Moreover, Rav Judah has said that his whole body was like a sieve. And Rav said, “They thrust iron lances⁴¹Gk.: longchai. into him, until they had perforated him like a sieve.” And one lacking bread [was fulfilled in] Jehoiachin, of whom it is stated (in II Kings 25:30 = Jer. 52:34), “And for his food allowance a regular food allowance was given to him from the king, from the table of Evil-Merodach.” You also find that as long as Jehoiada lived, Joash did the will of his Creator, as stated (in II Kings 12:3 // II Chron. 24:2), “And Jehoash did what was right in the eyes of the Lord all his days as the priest Jehoiada instructed him.” (II Chron. 24:17:) “Now after the death of Jehoiada, the princes of Judah came and bowed low to the king, and the king hearkened unto them,” in that he took it upon himself to make an idol. Therefore (according to vs. 24), “they inflicted judgments on Joash.” Now for what was Abner punished? It was because he had made light and an amusement (rt.: shq), the blood of the young men, as stated (in II Sam. 2:14), “Then Abner said unto Joab, ‘Please let the young men arise and play (rt.: shq) before us.’”⁴²The result of their “playing” was that they all killed each other. And there are also those who say it was because he put his name before the name of David, as stated (in II Sam. 3:12), “Then Abner sent messengers unto David where he was, saying, ‘To whom does the land belong?’” But the sages say, “It was because he did not let Saul be reconciled with David.” And our masters say, “He had the power to protest [the massacre] at Nob, the city of priests, and did not protest.”

Rabbi Nathaniel said: Three hundred years before the birth of Josiah, was his name mentioned, as it is said, "Behold, a child shall be born unto the house of David, Josiah by name" (1 Kings 13:2); "And he was eight years old when he began to reign" (2 Kings 22:1). What is the disposition of a lad of eight years of age? He despised the idols and broke in pieces the pillars, and smashed the images and cut down the groves. His merit was great before the Throne of Glory. Because of the evil which Israel did in secret the righteous one was gathered (to his fathers), as it is said, "For the righteous is taken away because of the evil" (Isa. 57:1). || All Judah gathered together also with Jeremiah the prophet to show loving-kindness to Josiah, as it is said, "And Jeremiah lamented for Josiah, and all the singing men and the singing women spake of Josiah" (2 Chron. 35:25). Rabbi Meir said: "The singing men" refer to the Levites, who stood upon the platform singing; "and the singing women" refer to their wives. Rabbi Simeon said: These terms do not refer merely to the Levites and their wives; but to the skilled women, as it is said, "Thus saith the Lord of hosts, Consider ye, and call for the mourning women, that they may come; and send for the cunning women, that they may come: and let them make haste, and take up a wailing for us" (Jer. 9:17, 18). Hence the wise men instituted (the rule) that this should be done to all the wise men of Israel and to their great men, as it is said, "And they made them an ordinance in Israel" (2 Chron. 35:25).

"And you shall provide yourselves with cities" (Numbers 35:11), this is what the verse says, "Good and upright is the Lord, therefore He shows sinners the way." (Psalms 25:8) "Remember Your mercy, O God, and your lovingkindness." (Psalms 25:6). David said, Master of the Universe, were it not for the fact that Your lovingkindness preceded the First Man, he would not have been able to stand, as it says "For the day you eat of it [the tree of knowledge of good and evil] you will surely die" (Genesis 2:17). And You did not do this; rather, You brought him out from the Garden of Eden and he lived for 930 years(!) and only after that did he die. Why did you do that to him, to drive him out from the Garden of Eden, as it says (Genesis 3:24) "and He drove out the man"? Why was he driven out, since he brought death upon the generations, and he was sentenced to immediate death? Rather, You had mercy upon him and drove him off, just as the accidental killer is exiled to a city of refuge. Thus it says, "Remember Your mercy, O God, and Your lovingkindness, etc." Once Moshe stood and the Holy Blessed One told him, "Provide yourselves with cities...", Moshe said "Master of the Universe, this one killed by accident in the south or the north; how will he know where the city of refuge is, that he may flee to it?" God replied, "'Set for yourselves the path... [i.e. to the cities of refuge]' (Deuteronomy 19:3), orient for yourselves the path so that you will not be mistaken and find the blood avenger and he will kill you "and there will be for him no death penalty" (Deuteronomy 19:6)." He [Moshe] said again, "How?" He [God] said to him, set up for yourselves signs [istlayot] pointing to the cities of refuge, that they will know where to travel. And on every sign write "Killer to the city of refuge", as it says "prepare for yourselves the way". Thus said David, "Good and upright is the Lord, therefore He shows sinners the way." If for killers He makes a path and a road for them to flee by and be saved, all the more so for righteous! "He guides the humble in justice, and teaches the humble His way" (Psalms 25:9). "And the killer shall flee there who has killed a soul by accident" -- but not on purpose. If he kills on purpose and he says "I accidentally killed" and flees to the cities of refuge, the Holy Blessed One says, even if he flees and enters to My altar, you shall kill him, as it says (Exodus 21:14) "And if a person schemes, etc [against another, and kills him treacherously, you shall take him from My very altar to be put to death]". And who was it who fled to the altar and was killed? Yoav, as it says (I Kings 2:28) "When the news reached Joab, he fled to the Tent of the LORD [and grasped the horns of the altar]...". And it says (II Samuel 23:8) "Tahchemonite, the chief officer" -- he did not know that it is written in the Torah "And if a person schemes, etc" that he went and grasped the horns of the altar. Rather it says "Those killed by the court are not buried in the graves of their fathers, rather they alone; it is better for me that I die here and be buried in the graves of my fathers". (I Kings 3:30-31) "Benaiah reported back to the king that Joab had answered thus and thus, and the king said, 'Do just as he said; strike him down and bury him, and remove guilt from me and my father’s house for the blood of the innocent that Joab has shed.'" And why was he killed? For so David his [Shlomo's] father had commanded him -- "Further, you know what Joab son of Zeruiah did to me, what he did to the two commanders of Israel’s forces, Abner son of Ner and Amasa son of Jether: he killed them" (I Kings 2:5). What did he do to him...